032Metalloid · Group 14 · Period 4
Germanium
Germanium (Ge) is element 32, a metalloid in the p-block — group 14, period 4. It is a solid at room temperature with 4 electron shells (2, 8, 18, 4) and an atomic mass of 72.6308 u.
- Atomic mass
- 72.63 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 1211 K · 938 °C
- Boiling
- 3106 K · 2833 °C
- Electronegativity
- 2.01
- Density
- 5.323 g/cm³
Photograph — Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/germanium.php
Identity
- Atomic number
- 32
- Standard atomic weight
- 72.63 u
- Category
- Metalloid
- Group
- 14
- Period
- 4
- Block
- p-block
- Oxidation states
- +4, +2
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 1211 K · 938 °C
- Boiling point
- 3106 K · 2833 °C
- Density
- 5.323 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 23.222 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 211 pm
- Electron affinity
- 118.9352 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
32protons
41neutrons
32electrons
4valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 4
Periodic trends
Where Germanium ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
7621
1.5k2
3.3k3
4.4k4
9.0k5
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- 1886
- Discovered by
- Clemens Winkler
- Named by
- —
- Appearance
- grayish-white