029Transition metal · Group 11 · Period 4
Copper
Copper (Cu) is element 29, a transition metal in the d-block — group 11, period 4. It is a solid at room temperature with 4 electron shells (2, 8, 18, 1) and an atomic mass of 63.5463 u.
- Atomic mass
- 63.55 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 1358 K · 1085 °C
- Boiling
- 2835 K · 2562 °C
- Electronegativity
- 1.9
- Density
- 8.96 g/cm³
Photograph — Native_Copper_Macro_Digon3.jpg: 'Jonathan Zander (Digon3)' derivative work: Materialscientist, CC BY-SA 2.5 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons
Identity
- Atomic number
- 29
- Standard atomic weight
- 63.55 u
- Category
- Transition metal
- Group
- 11
- Period
- 4
- Block
- d-block
- Oxidation states
- +2, +1
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 1358 K · 1085 °C
- Boiling point
- 2835 K · 2562 °C
- Density
- 8.96 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 24.44 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 140 pm
- Electron affinity
- 119.235 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
29protons
35neutrons
29electrons
1valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Ar] 3d10 4s1
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 1
Periodic trends
Where Copper ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
745.51
2.0k2
3.6k3
5.5k4
7.7k5
9.9k6
13.4k7
16.0k8
19.2k9
22.4k10
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- Ancient
- Discovered by
- Middle East
- Named by
- —
- Appearance
- red-orange metallic luster