023Transition metal · Group 5 · Period 4
Vanadium
Vanadium (V) is element 23, a transition metal in the d-block — group 5, period 4. It is a solid at room temperature with 4 electron shells (2, 8, 11, 2) and an atomic mass of 50.94151 u.
- Atomic mass
- 50.94 u
- Phase · STP
- solid
- Melting
- 2183 K · 1910 °C
- Boiling
- 3680 K · 3407 °C
- Electronegativity
- 1.63
- Density
- 6 g/cm³
Photograph — Jurii, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, source: https://images-of-elements.com/vanadium.php
Identity
- Atomic number
- 23
- Standard atomic weight
- 50.94 u
- Category
- Transition metal
- Group
- 5
- Period
- 4
- Block
- d-block
- Oxidation states
- +5, +4, +3, +2
Physical properties
- Melting point
- 2183 K · 1910 °C
- Boiling point
- 3680 K · 3407 °C
- Density
- 6 g/cm³
- Molar heat capacity
- 24.89 J/(mol·K)
- Atomic radius
- 179 pm
- Electron affinity
- 50.911 kJ/mol
Atomic structure
23protons
28neutrons
23electrons
2valence e⁻
- Noble-gas notation
- [Ar] 3d3 4s2
- Full configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 11, 2
Periodic trends
Where Vanadium ranks across all 118 elements.
Ionization energies
Energy to remove each successive electron (kJ/mol).
650.91
1.4k2
2.8k3
4.5k4
6.3k5
12.4k6
14.5k7
16.7k8
19.9k9
22.2k10
Successive ionization energies (kJ/mol, log scale).
Discovery
- Discovered
- 1801
- Discovered by
- Andrés Manuel del Río
- Named by
- Isotopes of vanadium
- Appearance
- blue-silver-grey metal